设计一个 API

在 Kubernetes 中,我们有一些设计 API 的规则。即所有序列化字段必须使用 camelCase,因此我们使用 JSON 结构标签来指定这一点。我们还可以使用 omitempty 结构标签来标记当字段为空时应从序列化中省略该字段。

字段可以使用大部分原始类型。数字是一个例外:出于API兼容性考虑,我们接受三种数字形式:int32int64 用于整数,resource.Quantity 用于小数。

Hold up, what's a Quantity?

数量是对十进制数字的一种特殊表示法,它具有明确固定的表示方式,使其在不同机器之间更具可移植性。您可能在Kubernetes中为pod指定资源请求和限制时注意到了它们。

它们在概念上与浮点数相似:具有有效数字、基数和指数。它们的可序列化和可读格式使用整数和后缀来指定值,方式与我们描述计算机存储的方式类似。

例如,值 2m 在十进制表示中代表 0.0022Ki 在十进制中表示 2048,而 2K 在十进制中表示 2000。如果我们想指定小数,我们可以切换到一个后缀,使我们能够使用整数:2.5 表示为 2500m

支持两种进制:10 进制和 2 进制(分别称为十进制和二进制)。十进制使用“常规“国际单位制后缀表示(例如 MK),而二进制使用“兆比特“(mebi)表示法(例如 MiKi)。可以参考 兆字节与兆比特 的区别。

我们使用的另一种特殊类型是 metav1.Time。它的功能与 time.Time 相同,但具有固定的可移植序列化格式。

在处理完这些之后,我们来看看我们的 CronJob 对象是什么样的!

project/api/v1/cronjob_types.go
Apache License

Copyright 2025 The Kubernetes authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

package v1
Imports
import (
	batchv1 "k8s.io/api/batch/v1"
	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
)

// EDIT THIS FILE!  THIS IS SCAFFOLDING FOR YOU TO OWN!
// NOTE: json tags are required.  Any new fields you add must have json tags for the fields to be serialized.

First, let’s take a look at our spec. As we discussed before, spec holds desired state, so any “inputs” to our controller go here.

Fundamentally a CronJob needs the following pieces:

  • A schedule (the cron in CronJob)
  • A template for the Job to run (the job in CronJob)

We’ll also want a few extras, which will make our users’ lives easier:

  • A deadline for starting jobs (if we miss this deadline, we’ll just wait till the next scheduled time)
  • What to do if multiple jobs would run at once (do we wait? stop the old one? run both?)
  • A way to pause the running of a CronJob, in case something’s wrong with it
  • Limits on old job history

Remember, since we never read our own status, we need to have some other way to keep track of whether a job has run. We can use at least one old job to do this.

We’ll use several markers (// +comment) to specify additional metadata. These will be used by controller-tools when generating our CRD manifest. As we’ll see in a bit, controller-tools will also use GoDoc to form descriptions for the fields.

// CronJobSpec defines the desired state of CronJob.
type CronJobSpec struct {
	// +kubebuilder:validation:MinLength=0

	// The schedule in Cron format, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron.
	Schedule string `json:"schedule"`

	// +kubebuilder:validation:Minimum=0

	// Optional deadline in seconds for starting the job if it misses scheduled
	// time for any reason.  Missed jobs executions will be counted as failed ones.
	// +optional
	StartingDeadlineSeconds *int64 `json:"startingDeadlineSeconds,omitempty"`

	// Specifies how to treat concurrent executions of a Job.
	// Valid values are:
	// - "Allow" (default): allows CronJobs to run concurrently;
	// - "Forbid": forbids concurrent runs, skipping next run if previous run hasn't finished yet;
	// - "Replace": cancels currently running job and replaces it with a new one
	// +optional
	ConcurrencyPolicy ConcurrencyPolicy `json:"concurrencyPolicy,omitempty"`

	// This flag tells the controller to suspend subsequent executions, it does
	// not apply to already started executions.  Defaults to false.
	// +optional
	Suspend *bool `json:"suspend,omitempty"`

	// Specifies the job that will be created when executing a CronJob.
	JobTemplate batchv1.JobTemplateSpec `json:"jobTemplate"`

	// +kubebuilder:validation:Minimum=0

	// The number of successful finished jobs to retain.
	// This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified.
	// +optional
	SuccessfulJobsHistoryLimit *int32 `json:"successfulJobsHistoryLimit,omitempty"`

	// +kubebuilder:validation:Minimum=0

	// The number of failed finished jobs to retain.
	// This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified.
	// +optional
	FailedJobsHistoryLimit *int32 `json:"failedJobsHistoryLimit,omitempty"`
}

We define a custom type to hold our concurrency policy. It’s actually just a string under the hood, but the type gives extra documentation, and allows us to attach validation on the type instead of the field, making the validation more easily reusable.

// ConcurrencyPolicy describes how the job will be handled.
// Only one of the following concurrent policies may be specified.
// If none of the following policies is specified, the default one
// is AllowConcurrent.
// +kubebuilder:validation:Enum=Allow;Forbid;Replace
type ConcurrencyPolicy string

const (
	// AllowConcurrent allows CronJobs to run concurrently.
	AllowConcurrent ConcurrencyPolicy = "Allow"

	// ForbidConcurrent forbids concurrent runs, skipping next run if previous
	// hasn't finished yet.
	ForbidConcurrent ConcurrencyPolicy = "Forbid"

	// ReplaceConcurrent cancels currently running job and replaces it with a new one.
	ReplaceConcurrent ConcurrencyPolicy = "Replace"
)

Next, let’s design our status, which holds observed state. It contains any information we want users or other controllers to be able to easily obtain.

We’ll keep a list of actively running jobs, as well as the last time that we successfully ran our job. Notice that we use metav1.Time instead of time.Time to get the stable serialization, as mentioned above.

// CronJobStatus defines the observed state of CronJob.
type CronJobStatus struct {
	// 插入额外的状态字段 - 定义集群的观察状态
	// 重要:在修改此文件后,请运行 "make" 以重新生成代码

	// A list of pointers to currently running jobs.
	// +optional
	Active []corev1.ObjectReference `json:"active,omitempty"`

	// Information when was the last time the job was successfully scheduled.
	// +optional
	LastScheduleTime *metav1.Time `json:"lastScheduleTime,omitempty"`
}

Finally, we have the rest of the boilerplate that we’ve already discussed. As previously noted, we don’t need to change this, except to mark that we want a status subresource, so that we behave like built-in kubernetes types.

// +kubebuilder:object:root=true
// +kubebuilder:subresource:status

// CronJob is the Schema for the cronjobs API.
type CronJob struct {
Root Object Definitions
	metav1.TypeMeta   `json:",inline"`
	metav1.ObjectMeta `json:"metadata,omitempty"`

	Spec   CronJobSpec   `json:"spec,omitempty"`
	Status CronJobStatus `json:"status,omitempty"`
}

// +kubebuilder:object:root=true

// CronJobList contains a list of CronJob.
type CronJobList struct {
	metav1.TypeMeta `json:",inline"`
	metav1.ListMeta `json:"metadata,omitempty"`
	Items           []CronJob `json:"items"`
}

func init() {
	SchemeBuilder.Register(&CronJob{}, &CronJobList{})
}

现在我们有了一个API,我们需要编写一个控制器来实际实现该功能。